Note: This post was originally published in April 2024 and has been updated in January 2025. As this virus continues to mutate, this information may become outdated. For the most up-to-date guidance on avian influenza, please visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

When it comes to raising livestock, swabbing plays a pivotal role in species health management and disease prevention—especially in reducing the risk of bird flu spreading to humans. After all, it’s not just about maintaining the health of animals but also ensuring the safety of the global food supply and protecting public health. While some strains of avian flu have shown high mortality rates in severe human cases, particularly among older individuals or those with underlying health conditions, many human infections are asymptomatic or mild. This underscores the importance of early detection, surveillance, and prevention efforts to minimize the spread and protect vulnerable populations.

Over the past few years, there has been a rapid uptick in poultry-related disease diagnoses across the globe, extending beyond birds to affect other animal species. This continuous uptick highlights the need for swabbing as a frontline defense in detecting diseases early, which is essential for containing outbreaks and preventing them from spreading within flocks or to humans. 

Bird flu testing is a key component in comprehensive biosecurity programs, which are vital in modern poultry operations to maintain the overall health and productivity of the flock.

What Does Poultry Swabbing Test For?

Poultry swabs serve as an essential tool in diagnosing a range of diseases that can significantly impact bird health and farm productivity. Among these, Avian Influenza – commonly known as bird flu – and Virulent Newcastle Disease are notable for their highly contagious nature and potential to cause severe outbreaks. 

Avian Infectious Bronchitis, while less known to the public, is equally important as it impacts the respiratory, reproductive, and renal systems of birds. Salmonellosis, a bacterial infection, also poses a significant risk not just to poultry but also to human health, as it can be transmitted through contaminated poultry products. 

Common Poultry Disease Symptoms 

The diagnosis of poultry diseases often begins with the observation of symptoms, which can vary widely but typically include:

• Respiratory distress, such as coughing, sneezing, and gasping.

• Changes in behavior, including lethargy and reduced activity.

• Physical symptoms like facial swelling and diarrhea.

• Production-related signs, such as a drop in egg production and poor egg quality.

An increase in mortality rates can be a clear indicator of a severe disease outbreak within your flock. If you see any of these symptoms, it’s vital to test for poultry diseases.

Which Birds Are Most Frequently Swabbed?

Regular swabbing is particularly critical for bird species commonly raised in close-quarter farming. Chickens, both broilers and layers, are often the primary focus due to their significant role in global food production. Turkeys are also swabbed regularly, given their susceptibility to various respiratory diseases. 

Ducks and geese, raised for both meat and eggs, are also included in swabbing protocols due to their role in the food industry and the potential for them to carry disease. Though ducks and geese are more disease resistant than other poultry species, they can be asymptomatic carriers of the disease that affects a mixed flock of birds.

Understanding Bird Flu's Spread to Other Species

Bird flu, primarily known for affecting birds, has shown capabilities of crossing species barriers. Recent studies and cases have demonstrated that bird flu can infect mammals – including humans – under certain conditions. 

This zoonotic potential makes it vital for not only poultry farmers but also wildlife management agencies and health officials to remain vigilant.

Bird Flu Spreading to Humans: Understanding Risks and Preventive Measures

Bird flu, or avian influenza, has long been a concern for public health due to its ability to spread from infected birds to humans under certain conditions. While rare, these transmissions pose significant risks, especially in regions with high poultry density or during outbreaks. Understanding how bird flu is transmitted, the potential for viral mutation, and the global efforts to prevent its spread is key to protecting both animal and human health.

In this section, we’ll explore:

• How bird flu can spread from animals to humans.

• The risks associated with viral mutations and human transmission.

• Preventative measures to reduce the risk of infection.

• Global surveillance efforts to control and prevent outbreaks.

By staying informed and adopting preventive practices, we can work together to minimize the risks associated with avian influenza and safeguard public health.

Can Bird Flu be Transferred from Animal to Human?

Yes, bird flu can be transferred from animals to humans, though such instances are rare and usually require close contact with infected birds. The transmission is a significant concern in regions with dense poultry farming or markets where live birds are sold. Health officials monitor these transmission pathways closely to prevent potential pandemics.

Here are some key points to consider regarding the transmission of bird flu from animals to humans:

• Close Contact with Infected Birds: The most common way humans contract bird flu is through direct or indirect contact with infected birds. This includes handling infected poultry, coming into contact with bird droppings, or touching contaminated surfaces and equipment. Farmers, poultry workers, and individuals involved in the culling of infected birds are at higher risk. For example, there has been an uptick in human cases of bird flu when interacting with infected poultry in Colorado. 

• Exposure to Contaminated Environments: Bird flu viruses can survive in bird droppings and other secretions, contaminating the environment. People can become infected by inhaling dust or droplets contaminated with the virus. This is particularly concerning in regions with dense poultry farming or live bird markets.

• Consumption of Contaminated Poultry Products: While properly cooked poultry and eggs are safe to eat, consuming raw or undercooked poultry products from infected birds can pose a risk of transmission. It is crucial to follow proper food safety practices to minimize this risk.

• Human-to-Human Transmission: While rare, there have been instances of limited human-to-human transmission of bird flu. These cases generally occur in close household or healthcare settings where there is prolonged contact with an infected individual. To date, sustained human-to-human transmission has not been observed, and a widespread outbreak is not likely to occur.

Testing Humans for Bird Flu

Accurate and timely testing is crucial for detecting and managing human cases of avian influenza. According to the CDC, the preferred methods for specimen collection include:

• Nasopharyngeal and Nasal Swabs: Used for upper respiratory testing. Learn more about how to collect a nasal and nasopharyngeal swab sample here.

• Combined Nasal and Oropharyngeal Swabs: For more comprehensive sampling.

• Conjunctival Swabs: Recommended for individuals with conjunctivitis linked to avian flu.

• Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens: For patients with severe respiratory symptoms, such as bronchoalveolar lavage or endotracheal aspirates.

• Throat Swabs: Used for collecting oropharyngeal specimens. Read how to properly collect a throat swab sample here.

Best Practices for Bird Flu Specimen Collection in Humans

• Use swabbing techniques appropriate for each site being sampled.

• Ensure specimens are placed in viral transport media for accurate results.

• Follow proper storage and transport guidelines to maintain sample integrity.

Proper testing is essential for early detection and containment of avian influenza. For detailed collection methods, explore our guides on nasal and nasopharyngeal swab collection and throat swab collection.

Viral Mutation Concerns of Avian Flu for Human Spread

One of the significant concerns with bird flu is the potential for the virus to mutate, increasing its ability to spread among humans. Health officials closely monitor bird flu viruses for genetic changes that could facilitate human transmission. Early detection and containment are critical in preventing a potential pandemic.

Some preventative measures are important to reduce the risk of transmission – individuals who work with poultry should use protective equipment such as gloves and masks, practice good hand hygiene, and avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds. Regular monitoring and rapid response to outbreaks in poultry populations are essential to control the spread.

Global Surveillance and Response to Prevent Human Avian Flu Spread

Health organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) actively monitor bird flu outbreaks and implement measures to prevent human infections. Public health campaigns and community education programs are vital to the prevention of  bird flu transmission in at-risk regions.

So, while bird flu can be transmitted from animals to humans, such cases are relatively rare and typically require close contact with infected birds. Continuous surveillance, preventive measures, and swift response to outbreaks are crucial in minimizing the risk and preventing potential pandemics.

What is the ​​Avian Flu Mortality Rate in Humans​?

The mortality rate for bird flu in humans varies depending on the strain. For instance, the H5N1 strain has a mortality rate of approximately 50% (the first H5 death was reported in the United States in early January 2025), while other strains like H7N9 also have a high fatality rate in confirmed cases. According to the Cleveland Clinic, the average mortality rate for humans who contract bird flu is 50%. 

These alarming figures highlight the importance of early detection, effective containment, and robust public health measures to mitigate the impact of avian flu on human populations. Although human infections remain rare, the high mortality rate underscores the need for vigilance and preparedness in managing potential outbreaks.

7 Tips to Prevent Bird Flu Spreading to Humans

While cases of avian flu transmission to humans are rare, following preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection. Here are key tips to protect yourself and your community:

1. Practice Good Hygiene

It’s no secret that washing your hands is a commonplace practice to prevent germ spread – and this is certainly the case for avian flu prevention. Use soap and water to wash your hands, especially after handling poultry, eggs, or surfaces in contact with birds. In this same vein, avoid touching your face. Keep your hands away from your eyes, nose, and mouth to prevent the virus from entering your body.

Use Hand Sanitizers: When soap and water aren’t available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizers with at least 60% alcohol.

2. Handle Poultry and Eggs Safely

Ensure poultry and eggs are fully cooked to an internal temperature of at least 165°F (74°C) to kill any virus present. Do not consume raw or partially cooked eggs, poultry, or products made from them.

Keep Surfaces Clean: Disinfect surfaces, cutting boards, and utensils after preparing poultry to prevent cross-contamination.

3. Limit Contact with Birds

Do not handle birds that appear ill or have died, as they may carry the virus. Live poultry markets can be hotspots for avian flu transmission. Limit visits or wear protective equipment if you must enter. If you raise backyard poultry, keep them away from wild birds to reduce the risk of infection.

4. Use Protective Equipment

When handling poultry or cleaning areas with bird droppings, wear disposable gloves and masks to protect yourself. Use coveralls or aprons that can be disinfected or discarded after use to avoid bringing contaminants into your home.

5. Monitor Your Health

• Stay Vigilant for Symptoms: If you work with poultry or have been exposed to birds, monitor for flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, or difficulty breathing.

• Seek Medical Attention: Contact a healthcare provider if you suspect exposure to avian flu or if you develop concerning symptoms.

6. Support Surveillance and Vaccination Efforts

Stay informed about avian flu outbreaks in your area and adhere to public health advisories. Vaccination programs for poultry can help reduce the spread of the virus to humans.

7. Protect Your Pets

Keep pets, especially those that hunt or scavenge birds, away from wild birds and their habitats. This reduces the risk of pets contracting or carrying the virus. Monitor your pet's outdoor activities to prevent them from coming into contact with sick or dead birds.

For pets that do go outside, wash your pet’s paws and clean their fur if they’ve been outside in areas frequented by wildlife. Do not feed pets raw or undercooked bird meat, as it could carry the virus.

Consult Your Veterinarian: If your pet shows signs of illness after potential exposure to birds, contact your veterinarian immediately for guidance.

What If I’m Exposed to the Bird Flu Virus?

The CDC recommends the following:

People exposed to HPAI A(H5N1)-virus infected birds or other animals (including people wearing recommended PPE) should monitor themselves for new respiratory illness symptoms, and/or conjunctivitis (eye redness), beginning after their first exposure and for 10 days after their last exposure. Influenza antiviral post-exposure prophylaxis can be considered to prevent infection, particularly in those who had unprotected exposure to HPAI A(H5N1)-virus infected birds or other animals (more information below). Persons who develop any illness symptoms after exposure to HPAI A(H5N1) virus infected birds or other animals should seek prompt medical evaluation for possible influenza testing and antiviral treatment by their clinician or public health department. Symptomatic persons should isolate away from others, including household members, except for seeking medical evaluation until it is determined that they do not have HPAI A(H5N1) virus infection.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

For more bird flu prevention resources and to learn how to prevent the spread to humans, please visit the CDC website.

Addressing the Need for Healthy Bird Flocks

A quick history lesson…

The National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP), established in the 1930s, serves as a crucial initiative for promoting the health of poultry flocks and ensuring safe food supply. This program, a cooperative of the United States Department of Agriculture, regularly updates testing guidance for the poultry industry. The NPIP was designed to foster collaboration among industry stakeholders, state, and federal agencies, focusing on the integration and application of evolving diagnostic technology methods. 

This collaborative effort has significantly contributed to advancements in the poultry industry nationwide. The specific testing standards applied by the NPIP are detailed in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR) part 147, with regular amendments and updates reflecting the progress and evolution of industry practices.

Case Study: Finding Bird Flu in Maine Through Testing

In Maine, Puritan’s home state, the first recorded case of avian flu involved local residents, Charly and Jack Matheson, who noticed unusual symptoms in their flock of chickens and ducks. They promptly contacted the Maine CDC to test their birds using recommended swabbing techniques, which confirmed the presence of the H5N1 strain.

Charly Matheson emphasized the importance of testing.

"Testing for bird flu isn't just about protecting our birds – it's about community safety. At my house, we treat our animals like family, so it was devastating to me to find out that my birds had been infected by this horrible disease. I encourage farmers or anyone with backyard birds to be vigilant about your flock interacting with wild birds, and regularly swab your animals to ensure they are not spreading it to others, including you."

This leads us to the “how to” section of this comprehensive guide on bird flu testing.

How to Test for Bird Flu

A lab leader at a prominent poultry lab believed a better swab was out there and requested samples of Puritan's flocked swab. The lab professional designed and conducted the study that would yield decisive data. The results confirmed that the polyester flocked swab was far superior in collection and release of a reliable specimen when compared to the conventional spun rayon on plastic swab that had been in use. Not only that, but the flexibility of the swab shaft and the soft tip of the applicator made it more chicken friendly - a clear plus from the bird's perspective.

Since that study in 2013, the swab identified by that study has been specified for poultry testing by many lab professionals as well as by government agencies who monitor wild bird populations for communicable disease.

Let’s learn more about flocked swabs.

How to Test for Bird Flu with Flocked Swabs

Swabbing in poultry is a critical component of maintaining bird health, ensuring food safety, and protecting public health. The advancement of tools like Puritan's flocked swabs has significantly improved the efficiency and effectiveness of specimen collection. Understanding the diseases, symptoms, and appropriate collection tools is essential for anyone involved in poultry health management.

The shift from conventional rayon-tipped applicators to polyester flocked swabs has transformed avian flu testing. Puritan’s flocked swabs feature molded breakpoints for ease of use and are available in a variety of configurations to meet different testing requirements. Below are the most commonly used swabs in avian disease testing, particularly for respiratory disease detection in commercial poultry flocks.

For a comprehensive guide on bird flu testing and prevention in poultry, explore this resource.

Recommended Swabs for Avian Flu Testing

• SKU #: 25-3316-U

• SKU #: 25-3316-H

• SKU #: 25-3317-U

• SKU #: 25-3317-H

• SKU #: 25-3318-U

• SKU #: 25-3318-H

• SKU #: 25-800 D 50

• SKU #: 25-800 1PD 50

• SKU #: 25-800 1PD ALUM 50

• SKU #: 25-3306-U

• SKU #: 25-3306-H

• SKU #: 25-3406-U

• SKU #: 25-3406-H

• SKU #: 25-3806-U

• SKU #: 25-3806-H

Puritan’s flocked swabs are trusted in veterinary and diagnostic labs worldwide, ensuring optimal sample integrity for detecting avian influenza and other respiratory diseases.

Bird Flu Testing Tips

Testing for bird flu involves several meticulous steps to ensure accuracy and safety. Using your flocked swab, here is a quick step-by-step guide to follow when testing your animal for bird flu:

Step 1. Identify Symptoms

Watch for signs of illness in your animal, which may include sudden death, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and reduced egg production for birds.

Step 2. Prepare for Sample Collection

Ensure you have the right tools. For avian influenza testing, Puritan's flocked swabs are recommended for their efficiency in sample collection and bird-friendly design.

Step 3. Collect the Sample

• Restrain the animal gently to minimize stress.

• Respiratory testing of live chickens is done by swabbing from the choanal slit to collect an oropharyngeal specimen. You can do so by holding the bird's mouth open gently and drawing the tip of the swab through this area at the roof of the mouth.  

• Rotate the swab gently but firmly to collect respiratory exudate without causing harm.

• Place the swab immediately into a sterile viral transport medium.

Step 4. Transport the Sample with Care

Ensure samples are kept at a cool temperature and sent to the laboratory as soon as possible. Samples are typically tested using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to detect the presence of the virus’s genetic material.

Stay Prepared to Test for Bird Flu with Puritan’s Flocked Swabs

Effective testing and monitoring for bird flu are essential components of global disease control strategies. By implementing rigorous testing protocols, using the appropriate tools, and staying informed about the disease’s ability to cross species, we can help safeguard both animal and human health. 

For more information on best practices in specimen collection and to explore our range of swabs ideal for this purpose, please contact our knowledgeable product specialists at Puritan.